Group Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Group Research Project - Essay Example Jack Treynor introduced the concept of the capital asset pricing model to build on diversification and modern portfolio theory introduced by Harry Markowitz (Levy, 2011). Capital asset pricing model is simple to use; this has made it possible to retain popularity despite the modern approaches to asset pricing and portfolio selection. This financial project aims at analyzing a given equally weighted portfolio, which constitutes five types of stocks listed in the Australian Stock Exchange. The project will measure the rate of return on securities of Woolside Petroleum, Santos, Oil Search, Aurora Oil & Gas and Beach Petroleum. The systematic risk will be determined using Beta as the basis of measurement. The project will also evaluate the performance of the selected stock using the capital asset pricing model. The result from the analysis is beneficial to both current and prospective investors when making investment decisions. The analysis will also enable investors to decide whether to add their investment assets to the existing portfolio by finding non-diversifiable risk in the investments. The project will consider thirty-six observations consisting of monthly rates of return between January 2010 and December 2012. This will act as a representative sample for estimating the risks involved in each class of stock. Prior to estimating the capital asset pricing for the selected portfolio, the model will be tested for each stock. The Background of Companies Woodside Petroleum Woodside Petroleum Limited explores and produces petroleum in Australia (Roth, 2011). Woodside is Australia’s largest independent and dedicated oil and gas company with headquarters in Perth, Western Australia. The company is listed on the Australian Securities Exchange. Woodside focuses on the exploration, assessment, development, processing and supplying relative products and services. Santos Limited Santos limited produces and supplies oil and gas to its Australian and Asian customers . The origin of Santos is traced back to Cooper Basin since the year 1964 (Roth, 2011). The company is one of the largest suppliers of oil and gas to the domestic and foreign markets. Presently, Santos has an exploration-led Asian portfolio focusing on three countries including Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and Vietnam. Santos focuses on explorations, exploiting, processing, transportation and marketing of hydrocarbons. The company has over 3,000 employees in Australia and Asia. The foundations of Santos are based on sustainable operations and collaborating with host communities, business partners and shareholders. Oil Search Limited Oil Search Limited is Papua New Guinea’s largest oil and gas producer, which was incorporated in the year 1929. The company has a 29% interest in the world scale Papua New Guinea (PNG) LNG project (Roth, 2011). Oil Search Limited is a public listed company on the Port Moresby and Australian stock exchanges. The Independent State of Papua New Guinea holds 15% of the company’s interest, and this is the largest shareholder in the company. Oil Search Limited has launched exploration activities in Papua New Guinea, Kurdistan, Tunisia and Yemen. Aurora Oil & Gas Aurora Oil & Gas Limited, founded in 2005, is an Australia based oil and gas exploration and production

Theoretical Framework Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Framework Essay A theoretical framework is defined in this study as the structure of concepts which exists in the literature, a ready-made map for the study (Liehr Smith, 2001); it provides the structure for examining a problem and serves as a guide to examine relationships between variables (Ingelse, 1997). Theoretical frameworks are important in exploratory studies, where the researcher does not know much about what is going on, and is trying to learn more. As Borgatti (1998) suggested: There are two reasons why theoretical frameworks are important here. First, no matter how little you think you know about a topic, and how unbiased you think you are, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions, even if they are of a very general nature (Borgatti, 1998) A study of the literature reveals that there are many theories in use in the information systems field alone (Schneberger Wade, 2006). The Implementation of I. D Scanner Systems in the Students of Polytechnic University of the Philippines Santa Rosa Extension Campus shows how technological innovation to provide the students ease and better service every start of the classes. It is communicated /disseminated to students who will attend their class in the university, as what is stated in the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) Theory. The Diffusion of Innovation Theory The Diffusion of Innovation Theory by Rogers E. M. states that an innovation diffuses or spreads through our society in a predictable pattern. A few people will adopt an innovation as soon as they hear of it, other people will take longer to try something new and still others take much longer. The people who are at the back of the PUP website are those we can consider the innovators, and the students as the adopters of the innovation in the enrollment procedures. The Diffusion Innovation Theory includes the four key steps that effectively summarize the diffusion process wherein the innovation in enrollment procedure is going through. The first step is â€Å"Knowledge†, wherein the PUP students are made aware of the new process of enrollment and registration. The next step is â€Å"Persuasion† where the diffusion process takes place mostly within the mind of the adopter. The individual weighs the advantages that the new technology would bring to him or her personally. Based upon these evaluations and discussions with others, the individual begins to learn toward either adoption or rejection of the innovation. This is where the students analyze the advantages and the disadvantages of the new process of enrollment in PUP compared to the traditional. The third step is â€Å"Decision†. The individual makes the final decision of whether to adopt or reject. The last step is â€Å"Confirmation† where the individual seeks validation.

Examining Hacking And Cyber Ethics Philosophy Essay

Examining Hacking And Cyber Ethics Philosophy Essay With technology taking the forefront in communication, world has virtually shrunk! Distance and time are no more any hindrances for effective interactions and communications. Internet has so much invaded our day to day lives that without internet, we feel we are almost without bread! As any advances bring in good , not so good and bad with it-take auto mobiles, electricity, movies whatever-even the communication technology has its own goods and bads. Hacking is something that has shocked the world that is so much dependent on the cyber for its day to day affairs, may it be individual corporate or education fields. Hacking and Hacker Hacking is an action of trying to gain access to a computer or computer network without any legal authorization [1]. The entity who tries the act of hacking is the hacker. The new hacker dictionary defines hacker as below: A person who enjoys exploring the details of programmable systems and how to stretch their capabilities, as opposed to most users, who prefer to learn only the minimum necessary. One who programs enthusiastically (even obsessively) or who enjoys programming rather than just theorizing about programming. A person capable of appreciating hack value. A person who is good at programming quickly. An expert at a particular program, or one who frequently does work using it or on it. An expert or enthusiast of any kind. One might be an astronomy hacker, for example. One who enjoys the intellectual challenge of creatively overcoming or circumventing limitations. [deprecated] A malicious meddler who tries to discover sensitive information by poking around. Hence password hacker, network hacker. The correct term for this sense is cracker. Hacker is someone who has an intention to damage a system and hence invades it illegally [2]. He or she might invade into the system to get illegitimate access to resources. As hacking becomes easier, a vulnerable computer will be the earlier target. Hacker invariably tries to hide his or her identity for launching attacks on the main site, which is generally more secure. The attack is made with an intention of gaining control of the targeted system so that the hacker can execute, edit or delete any file on the users directory. This is achieved generally by gaining access to the super-user account. This helps the hacker hide his presence and provides him maximum authority to access the data. Software bugs are generally used in the attacks which give the hacker super-user status. Ethics and Cyber Ethics That branch of art which looks with wonder at the marvels and mysteries of the world is philosophy. It leads to life with passion, moral and intellectual integrity. Socrates had once stated the unexamined life is not worth living. In philosophy. Everything related to life is critically and comprehensively inquired in to. The branch of philosophy that deals with how we ought to live, with the ideas as to what is right and wrong, and with idea of Good is ethics [3]. The field of ethics that examines legal, moral and social issues in the use and development of cyber technology is cyber ethics [4]. A broad spectrum of technologies that range from standalone computers to a cluster of network computing, information and communication technologies is referred to as cyber technology. Computer ethics has been the general usage term for cyber ethics until recently. Computer ethics however suggests the study of ethical issues associated primarily with computing profession or computing machines. Cyber ethics however attempts to address ethical issues that are more wider and deeper. Other terminologies like internet ethics or information ethics are in use but cyber ethics has wider coverage than internet ethics. 1.3 Legal and Illegal Hacking The informal trespassing into a computer is termed as hacking by many people. Hacking in general has formed a meaning of breaking into computers [5]. The term hacking clouds ethical and legal complexities of law that administrates use of computers. Some hacking is legal and valuable while some are illegal and destructive. Learning the way to get access is legal while using this information to access the system and misuse it is illegal hacking. It is very important to understand the difference between legal and illegal hacking. This could be understood considering an example. For example, the security researcher of the system will learn a number of ways to get into the system without authorization. While learning this information is not illegal, using the information to access a system unauthorisedly is illegal. An action can be considered legal or illegal based on the scenario and the access and authorisation for the particular scenario. 1.4 Ethical Theories Ethical issues are based on morals which are subjective. The ethical theories offer direction for the moral analysis to be made. These are the scientific theories that provide the framework for the analysis of moral issues. We may look into ethical theories relevant to the case in hand. 1.4.1 Consequence Based ethical theories (consequentialism) Consequence based theories judge actions based on results. Proponents of these theories assume that certain state of affairs are better than many others. Actions that lead to better state for maximum number of people are better actions. In simple words, an action that makes the world better is a good action and that worsens the world is bad. Hence here, result is most important. Three subdivisions of consequentialism emerge based on who is benefited by the action: Ethical Egoism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable only to the agent performing the action. Ethical Altruism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone except the agent. Utilitarianism: an action is morally right if the consequences of that action are more favorable than unfavorable to everyone.(QuoteIEP) Types of Utilitarianism Two types of Utilitarianism are there namely Act Utilitarianism and Rule Utilitarianism. Under Act Utilitarianism, an action is considered good or bad based on its consequences while under Rule Utilitarianism, a code or rule of conduct is more acceptable if the consequences of it are beneficial than not beneficial to every one. For ex. If one steals, it may be beneficial to him but not to all. So the rule is not to steal. Intended Consequentialism Intended consequentialism is a consequence based ethical theory. Here, intended consequence is given importance over actual consequence in judging an action. 1.4.2 Duty Based ethical theories Duty based ethics is otherwise called deontological theory. Deon is a Greek word meaning necessary, binding, obligatory. Immanuel Kant is the main proponent of this theory. It gives importance to sticking to ones duty and principle rather than the consequences. When most stick to Deontological principles, naturally, consequences will be good. The focus is on duty and principle and not on consequences. An other famous philosopher W.D. Ross who supported Kants theory, summarized basic duties as below: Duty of beneficence: A duty to help other people (increase pleasure, improve character) Duty of non-maleficence: A duty to avoid harming other people. Duty of justice: A duty to ensure people get what they deserve. Duty of self-improvement: A duty to improve ourselves. Duty of reparation: A duty to recompense someone if you have acted wrongly towards them. Duty of gratitude: A duty to benefit people who have benefited us. Duty of promise-keeping: A duty to act according to explicit and implicit promises, including the implicit promise to tell the truth.(M2) Character based Ethical Theories Character based virtue ethics is also called Virtue ethics. These theories are mostly based on Aristolephilosophy. Here, individuals character takes prime place over duty or consequence, in contrast Deontology and Consequentialism respectively. Here, the tenet is once the person has strong value system which has stabilized, he would be conscious of what is wrong and what is right, what are his duties to his children, family, society and his master, so, action taken by such persons tend to have good consequences only. An ethical individual is therefore necessarily disposed to do good things acceptable to himself and for society. 1.5 Role of software/Hardware/Application Engineers Hacking has become a threat to modern world which is over dependent on information technology. It is easier done than said that, as you keep your valuable protected in house against thieves and robbers by locking the almirah or the house or safe keeping in banks or covering by insurance. As we use lot of IT services through public domains and distant server based technologies, the risks are even more. Professionals in the field can do their bit based on their knowledge and experience to reduce damages by hacking. Objectives The objectives of this case study are: Highlight the main critical issues that this case brings out light and to critically apply consequence-based, Duty-based and character-based ethical theories to discuss whether the FBI were correct in attempting to capture and prosecute Mitnick. Briefly discuss the general of asoftware/hardware/application engineer in terms of the use dof their knowledge and expertise in regard to hacking. Facts of the case While dealing with the case in hand from the point of the objectives of the case study, we have to critically observe the facts from the following angles. Actions of Mitnick that are subject of ethical and moral nature

The Basis of Medical Practice Essay -- Health, The Birthmark, Hawthorn

Overall, medical practice is performed when physicians identify health concerns, including diseases, mental disorders, and physical injuries, and provide a treatment for their patients in order to properly cure them of their maladies. The appropriate basis for medical practice is a combination of physicians’ knowledge acquired from scientific research and education, and ethical considerations regarding the wellbeing of patients. Additionally, if no scientific support is available, patients must rely on intuition and experience in order to make a proper diagnosis. On the whole, science plays a major role in the realm of medicine, as it is the foundation for the creation of new treatments and education. Science is defined as â€Å"†¦research firmly based upon one or more past scientific achievements, achievements that some particular scientific community acknowledges for a time as supplying the foundation for its further practice† (Kuhn 70). The aspect of scientific research is important because as more diseases and medical conditions become recognized, scientists need to discover possible cures and develop medicine in order for physicians to treat their patients. For example, in A Brief Tour of Human Consciousness, neuroscientist V.S. Ramachandran recounts how patients with â€Å"reflex sympathetic dystrophy†, also known as RSD, were research subjects in a scientific experiment to discover if there was a way to cure their unremitting pain (17). As a result of this experiment, a new and effective treatment for those in chroni c pain was determined once it was discovered that the patients’ pain went away completely and mobility returned to limbs when mirrors were utilized (18). Through science, the answer to how physicians may prescribe a trea... ...per medical treatment. V.S. Ramachandran states that â€Å"randomized, controlled trial research do not make clinical decisions for physicians; rather, they must be applied to individual patients and clinical situations based on value judgments, both by physicians and patients. Clinical decision-making must entail value judgments about the costs and benefits of available treatments† (91). A patient can practice medicine by deciding whether a certain treatment option is right for him or her. For example, an individual might choose to take medication instead of having surgery because of monetary costs, or decide which prescription drug to take based on the potential side effects. Overall, though a physician may advise an individual on a certain treatment to cure him or her of a medical concern, it is ultimately the patients’ decision on whether or not to carry it out. â€Æ'

Emotions Paper

The connection between motivation and emotions can be seen in everyday life. To show the connection this paper will discuss two of the historical theories of emotion and arousal as they relate to human motivation. Then it will analyze two research methods used for uncovering basic emotions. Finally it will cover the facial feedback hypothesis, particularly the event-appraisal-emotion sequence. James-Lange Theory There have been numerous theories on emotions and arousal. The James-Lange theory is one of the earliest theories of emotion (Goodwin,2008).William James was considered America's first psychologist. James was captivated with understanding the functions of consciousness. Carl Lange was a psychologist and physician in Denmark. Even though his work is directly linked to James, his deconstruction of emotions has made his work a precursor to the theories of emotion (Wassmann, 2010). He is not as popular as James but was an important contributor to the James-Lange theory. The theor y discusses how emotions are directly affected by the physiological arousal of the body in reaction to an exciting stimulus (Deckers, 2010).According to the James-Lange theory one will feel emotions in a specific sequence. The theory's sequence is emotional stimulus followed by physiological response leading to an affective experience (Deckers, 2010). For example, if a person is involved in a car accident he or she will feel the physiological responses of the body. One may experience heart pounding, hands shaking, or jaw tightening. These responses bring forth emotions like fear, panic, anger, or anxiety. Therefore the physiological arousal is what determines the emotions (Deckers, 2010). Cognitive Arousal TheoryThe cognitive arousal theory takes emotions to next level by focusing on the interaction between arousal and cognition (Deckers, 2010). According to this theory when a person experiences a situation, he or she will interpret the physiological arousal, and will extract inform ation needed to have an affective experience (Deckers, 2010). Within this theory there are two dimensions of emotions, they are quality and intensity. Quality is a person's interpretation of the experience where as the intensity of the experience depends on the degree of the arousal.For example when experiencing a car accident, one will focus in on the actual occurrence of the accident, and then based on the severity, the person will analyze and respond effectively. So according to the cognitive arousal theory the intensity of the emotional experience will be dictated by physiological arousal and will directly affect how a person feels (Deckers, 2010). Facial Feedback According to Buck (1980), facial feedback hypothesis states that the facial expressions of a person provides a necessary requirement for a person’s emotional experience or behavior to affected (page 812).A person’s facial feedback, or facial expressions, can change how another person will react to a parti cular event or situation. There are two versions that may play a role in the actual hypothesis itself based on specific personalities. Between-subjects version of facial feedback hypothesis implies that a lack of overt expression can be detrimental to the emotional process as a whole (Buck, 1980). The premise of this version is that if a person is nonexpressive with one emotion then that person would be nonexpressive on all other emotions and vice versa.Within-subjects version of the facial feedback hypothesis states that a person will have a higher emotional experience on other emotions if they are expressive in general (Buck, 1980). The backbone of this version is that if a person is expressive in general they may have a higher emotional experience across the board. The event-appraisal-emotion sequence has three varying assumptions in emotional events. To begin, different emotions can be produced by varying appraisals of the same event. For example, the end of a sporting event can elicit two different emotions.The winning team will feel excited, happiness, and victory while the losing team may feel disappointment, neglect, and failure. Next, similar appraisal of varying events can create similar emotions. Two people purchasing like vehicles may walk into a dealership and the first may pay $5,000 for a vehicle and the second may pay $10,000. Though there is a difference in purchase prices, both customers may walk out with feelings of success as they are satisfied with the purchase price of their vehicles because it fell within their budget.Lastly, the outcome of the appraisal process provokes automatic emotions. In many situations, a person will be unable to avoid feeling happiness or sadness. Research Methods Uncovering basic emotions can be handled with various research methods such as category analysis of emotion words and facial expressions. Category analysis of emotions words is based on the belief that certain words have been created or modified to desc ribe people’s emotional responses (Deckers, 2010).Words like love, sad, or angry have been labeled as such because people have experienced such emotions and needed the words to categorize the feelings. With category analysis, the feelings or the emotions drive the creation of emotion words and so without the emotions themselves, the words would not exist. Through this type of analysis, words were classified by emotional category based on word meaning and resulted in five basic emotion categories: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, and disgust (Deckers, 2010). Facial expression analysis states that there is a specific facial expression for each basic emotion.Furthermore, any â€Å"emotion† that does not have a distinctive facial expression should not be considered an emotion. There are six major facial expressions of emotions that are easily identifiable by people of different cultures throughout the world: happiness, surprise, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust. It is als o believed that the intensity of any emotion and the intensity of its corresponding facial expression will increase at the same rate.Conclusion References Buck, R. (1980). Nonverbal behavior and the theory of emotion: The facial feedback hypothesis. Journal Of Personality ;amp; Social Psychology, 38(5), 811-824. Deckers (2010). Motivation, Biological, psychological and environmental (3rd ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn ;amp; Bacon. Dimberg, U. , ;amp; Soderkvist, S. (2011). The voluntary facial action technique: A method to test the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal Of Nonverbal Behavior, 35(1), 17-33. doi:10. 1007/s10919-010-0098-6. Goodwin, C. J. ((2008)). A History of Modern Psychology (3rd ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

One of the Major Causes of Obesity Essay

Mark Bittman’s article â€Å"Coke Blinks† discusses how the famous soda company, Coca-Cola, recently released a video where it addresses the growing problem in our nation of obesity. In the video Coca-Cola attempts to claim that it is not their fault people are obese; it’s the consumers fault because the company offers low calorie beverages and now has smaller proportioned drinks. They are basically saying that every calorie counts and not just the ones in their products. Bittman describes this video as, â€Å"Sheer manipulation, calculated to confuse, obscure and deny.† Bittman beliefs sugar, â€Å"Especially in liquid form† is extremely harmful and not just because it leads to obesity. He thinks Coca-Cola is more focused on making money than it is trying to help the nation deal with obesity. He goes on to compare soda to nicotine saying, â€Å"Soda is a fructose delivery system as tobacco is a nicotine delivery system.† He is stating that Coca-Cola is doing the same thing tobacco companies once did, ignore the fact that their product was extremely harmful and they didn’t want the consumers to know because it would lead to a loss in product sales. This article focuses on the negative effects that sugar based beverages have on the body. Bittman states, â€Å"There is virtual consensus that drinking too much soda is bad for you, and it’s not hard to understand the evidence.† In the end Coca-Cola is simply trying to lessen its bad reputation for causing health problems such as diabetes and chubbiness by releasing a video which talks about obesity. Bittman is implicating the irony in Coca-Cola’s video and he simply trying to warm people not to drink soda because it’s not healthy.

Why Stealing Is Wrong Essay Sample Essays

Why Stealing Is Wrong Essay Sample Essays Why Stealing Is Wrong Essay Sample Paper Why Stealing Is Wrong Essay Sample Paper Essay Topic: Argumentative Arguments Essay on Stealing Is Wrong Stealing is wrong for a lot of reasons. Stealing is a big problem in our country. A lot of people have to deal with stealing in their life. It is a problem everyone is going to have to deal with once in their life. The worst thing about it is that you can easily avoid every getting in trouble for stealing by earning your money and buying what you want with your money. Instead of stealing which will cause problems in the end you should just purchase the item you want. That is the better way to go by far. Stealing is wrong for many reasons but here are three main reasons why it is wrong and you should never do it. Three reasons why stealing is wrong is because it hurts the stores profits and the stores will lose money, it is a dishonest thing to do and you will have the guilt of stealing for as long as you have the item you stole, and it hurts family members that care about you and want you to do your best to stay out of trouble. When you steal even if it’s just a small amount it hurts a store’s profits. Even if you think it’s just 1 dollar I can take it, if everyone thought that way then everyone would take just 1 dollar and then the store would lose a lot more then just 1 dollar. So you should never steal even if it seems like it won’t make a difference every small amount of money counts. Stores have to put up with shoplifting all the time and it is something that they shouldn’t have to deal with. If everyone would understand why it is wrong to steal then shoplifting wouldn’t be as big of a problem as it is right now. It’s sad that all the effort stores go through to stop shoplifting doesn’t discourage some people from shoplifting. You can help the store in trying to stop shoplifting by just never stealing from a store and also if you see someone shoplifting you can tell an employee. You have you remember that even though you think it’s fine it can cause a lot more trouble than it’s worth so you just never steal and everything will be alright. It is also a dishonest thing to do. Stealing is something that is obviously wrong because you are taking something that is not yours without permission from the person you’re taking it from. If you take something and the person or store doesn’t know then they will find out and feel betrayed by you if you know the person. You can lose friends from stealing from them or from them stealing from you. It is something that you should never do because it can hurt someone’s feelings and even if you are still friends with that person after you get through the situation they may never trust you again. Trust is a good thing to have from your friends, if your friends don’t trust you then you may miss out on a lot of opportunity’s in your life. If they don’t trust you they may never allow you into their house or they may always be watching you and that is not a good feeling to have. It is not worth putting up with and it is something you can easily avoid ever having to deal with. All you have to do is not steal and your friends should trust you as long as you don’t give them a reason not to trust you. Finally, stealing is wrong because it hurts your family members. My mom was so upset the day that I was caught stealing just three dollars worth of an item. So people must go through so much worse if their son steals a car or something more expensive. You never want to see your mom sad and it makes you sad to see that happen and it’s even worse when at that point there’s nothing you can do to make it better. It’s a really bad feeling to have to disappoint people that care about you even when you don’t mean to cause any trouble. Nobody wants to disappoint their family and it is a horrible thing to have to do. You are going to wish that you never did it after seeing you’re family sad. It is something that you can avoid easily by just staying out of trouble but it’s not as easy as it seems. Sometimes you’re going to have to make decisions and the best thing you can do is try your best to stay out of trouble and stay away from people that will get you in trouble. So as long as you stay out of trouble an d never steal anything your parents will be proud of you if you do your best in life and don’t get in trouble. Those are three reasons that stealing is wrong. The reasons are that it hurts the stores profits, it is morally wrong and that is will disappoint your family. Stealing something small seems like it isn’t a big deal but the store, the police, and your parents will treat it very seriously even if it is just a few dollars. Nobody wants to be in trouble and stealing is something that doesn’t have to happen all you have to do is try your best to find a job and earn your money and then buy what you want fair and there will not be any problems. You will also be proud of owning your item that you brought with money that you earned from working hard. It might not be as easy as stealing but in the end it is worth it just to get it fair then stealing it. If you steal something then whenever you see it you’re going to be reminded of what you went through to get it and have a bit of guilt inside you. If you bought it you would be proud of owning it and could show it to your f riends without ever possible getting in trouble. So in the end the best way to get something is to legally earn money and then purchase it with your hard earned money.

The French and English Responses to the Indians

The French and English Responses to the Indians Free Online Research Papers In the early 1600s, England and France set up colonies in North America. During this period, the French established a colony in Quebec and the English inaugurated a colony in Jamestown. As the French and English colonists expanded their colonies, each encountered American Indians. During the colonial period, there were many economic and cultural responses to the Indians from both the French and the English. The English had many economic and cultural responses to the Indians. First, the English had various economic responses to the Indians. In 1607, the first English colonists settled in Jamestown, Virginia for purely economic purposes. Unlike the French, little or no trade occurred between the English and Indians, instead the English colonists based their economy almost entirely on agriculture. In the first colonies, the English settlers learned and mastered from the Indians the plantation of tobacco, which was highly demanded, making it a very remunerative plant. The problem with tobacco plantation is that it â€Å"butchered† the soil. This caused the colonists to desire more land, which they acquired from the Indians by force. Wars with Indians annihilated full tribes and made some of them extinct. For example, the Anglo-Powhatan War resulted in the extinction of the Powhatan tribe. In addition to economic responses, the English had numerous cultural responses. The first interr acial marriage took place in Jamestown between John Rolfe and Pocahantas. In New England, passionate and strict Puritans introduced Christianity to the Indians, which some of them adopted. In Pennsylvania, the Quakers established a multiethnic and coexistent society with the Indians. These were a few English economic and cultural responses to the Indians. The English colonists were not the only ones to have economic and cultural responses; the French also had those too. The French had many economic responses to the Indians. In 1608, Samuel de Champlain established a French colony in Quebec for the purpose of empirical expansion, honor, and glory of France. When Samuel de Champlain arrived to Quebec, he entered a friendly relation with a nearby Huron Indian tribe. At their request, he joined them in battle against their adversary, the federated Iroquois tribes in upper New York. To shots from the white men’s â€Å"lightning stick† and the Iroquois were defeated. After gaining the Indians’ trust, the French established the opulent and lucrative fur trade with the Indians. In 1693, an Indian flotilla composed of four hundred canoes arrived in Montreal with an immense amount of beaver fur. In Illinois, Kaskaskia, Cahokia, and Vicennes became the â€Å"bread basket† of New France. Superfluous amounts of grain fr om Illinois were exported to Europe. These were some of the French economic responses to the Indians. Besides economic responses, the French had cultural responses as well. Since the French and the Indians were allied, many interracial marriages happened between them. Moreover, French Catholic missionaries, especially the Jesuits, tried zealously to convert the Indians, but they were not very successful. Although their attempts were scorned and they suffered from torture on Indian hands, they managed to make a few permanent converts. This could have created a new and organized society. In conclusion, these were the many economic and cultural responses to the Indians from both the French and the English. Because of these cultural and economic responses, the Indians allied with France against the English in many wars such as King William’s War, Queen Anne’s War and the French and Indian War. These cultural and economic responses to the Indians greatly affected the French and the British during the duel for North America. Research Papers on The French and English Responses to the IndiansQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Standardized TestingWhere Wild and West MeetPETSTEL analysis of India19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Autobiographical Essay Essay Example for Free

Autobiographical Essay Essay My first encounter with fear to a high extent was when I was six years old. I was riding in the car with my mom who was under the influence of alcohol. The fear that rushed through my veins made me think that something as horrible as death could happen. My older brother and younger sister were both in the car. We then pulled into the parking lot of a liquor store. My heart sank to know that my mom was consuming more alcohol to make her blood alcohol level rise. My mom stepped out of the car into the cover of darkness and walked into the store to purchase a fifth of whiskey. When she walked out of the store, I thought to myself that something really bad was going to happen that night. When my mom returned to the car, I looked deep into her eyes and asked her, â€Å"Can you please take us home before anything bad happens?† She looked at me and said, while slurring her words, â€Å"Everything is going to be okay.† I knew that everything was not going to be okay. My mom then started the car, reversed, and drove out of the parking lot of the liquor store to run over the island in the middle of the road. The car tilted from side to side and back onto the smooth road to safety. As I looked out of the window of my door with water filling my eyes, I blurrily saw cops drive past us as though we were invisible. Every part of me wanted to spring out of my car door and bring attention to the danger that was in the atmosphere. Every time a chance came, I let it slip by because I was afraid that my mom would scream at me. All I wanted to do was fall asleep and wake up in my comfy bed at home, but I knew that was impossible. We had been driving for what felt like an hour but it was only five minutes. After I blinked the water from my eyes, I realized that we were in the parking lot of Papa Murphy’s. My mom sent my older brother in to go and get the pizza that she had ordered earlier that afternoon. When he returned my mom got off the car and walked over to a group of guys standing outside of a bar and started hitting on them making a complete fool of her. As I watched those guys scan her body, disgust over took my body. As soon as her door clicked shut, I unbuckled my seatbelt, grabbed to fifth of whiskey out of the cup holder, opened my door, and through the bottle at a nearby tree. The glass bottle shattered into tiny pieces onto the grass around the tree. The relief that rushed through my body gave me hope and actually made me believe that  everything was going to be okay. After my mom finally got back into the car, she looked back at me and my sister in the back seat and said, â€Å"I’m taking you home to eat dinner with your dad now.† When those words came out of her mouth, I was filled with joy. When we finally pulled into our driveway, I unfastened my seatbelt in a flash and bolted into the house, turned the oven on, and ran into my dad’s loving arms as tears ran down my face. The comfort and loving care I felt as my dad wrapped his arms around me, made me know that I was safe. My dad then looked down at me and said with a serious look on his face, â€Å"I’m going to go and talk to your mom and see what she wants to do.† When he closed the slider door behind him, I heard my mom raise her voice in a way that made you think someone was dying. I ran to the slider door to see what was happening. The look on my dad’s face brought tears to my eyes. He was so sickened to see my mom drown herself in alcohol. My mom through her hands into the air, got back into her car, and drove away angrily. My dad then came up the steps of our deck as though he just found out that he had only a week to live. When he finally reached the door, he looked up to see the dry tear marks down my face, opened the door, and embraced me. We then walked into our living room to see my brother and sister watching Sponge Bob, we joined them. My dad then slowly walked into the kitchen to place the pizza in the oven. After about twenty minutes, we all sat down together and had dinner. Soon after, my dad looked at us three kids and said with a smile, â€Å"I have a surprise for you guys!† I looked at my siblings and saw life come into their eyes. My dad then went into the other room and came back out with an enormous bag of candy. As soon as he placed the bag on the table, we kids dog piled that bag of candy like it was the last supply of food on the earth. After we were all satisfied with candy sticking to our faces, we all went into the living room to watch a movie. I sat next to my dad while my siblings sat right in front of the 60 inch television. After, I finally fell asleep in my dad’s arms watching Popeye, I felt secure and safe. The next morning, I woke up to my dad saying to me, â€Å"Your mom got a DUI last night and she has to spend some time in jail.† When I heard that, I immediately thought that maybe my mom had either caused an accident or possibly even killed someone. We then immediately left the house to see if we could go and bail my mom out. We  couldn’t. She had to spend 4 days in jail. Those 4 days were the longest days ever. I loved my mom so much but I hated her when she was under the influence. Losing emotional connection from my mom was a hard thing to go through. I was a â€Å"daddy’s girl† so, my mom just always thought that my dad had to only be there for me. Even when they divorced she was never there for me emotionally. Ever since that day we’ve never emotionally connected. She confessed to me that she had to shut me out because I reminded her of my dad. Aside from all the chaos, I learned a very important lesson; never drink and drive. Experiencing this moment, made me know that alcohol affects everyone; the devout Christian, the highest paid employee, the people who swore they would never drink, and even the Lindsay Lohan’s. I knew from that moment on that if I even dared to drink alcohol, I would not do it front of my children or drive. Ten years after this encounter, my mom has lived her life as a recovered addict from alcohol. She saw how her drinking effected everyone she loved; her kids, husband, mom, dad, nieces, nephews, etc. From that moment on, my mom decided that she wouldn’t use alcohol as a numbing device to the pain. She hasn’t even touched the smallest bit of alcohol since. I am proud of her and am happy to see her live her life in freedom instead of bondage. That day made me know that I didn’t want to be seen by my kids, drinking and driving. I believe this moment was put in my life just so that I would now not to make the mistakes that my mom made and actually live my life in peace. Autobiographical Essay. (2016, Jun 01).

Argument Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Argument - Essay Example Although many prefer to practice premarital cohabitation, some sectors who are conservative within the society view premarital cohabitation as abominable. This is because of the consequences it brings. To them cohabitation causes confusion among younger generations and other people. They find the value of marriage and marriage certificate for granted. Marriage becomes a matter of ceremony without importance because they do not exactly know what constitutes marriage. However, some people find marriage as not the sole criterion of confusion among younger groups when considering the relationship of couples. In fact, youth who comes from a family whose parents are married but quarrel most of the time are more confused. Younger generations who understand the goal of premarital cohabitation may find it not confusing and may consider it a better option of marriage. This idea is supported in the article of Budinski & Trovato (72) where they made it clear that cohabitation is a viable alterna tive for marriage especially to those who do not have the confidence in entering a long term marriage just yet. They further stated that when couples cohabit, components of marriage are present like sharing of home, sexual intimacy, childbearing, and economic resources. With this, the couple may live like husband and wife just the same where they can enjoy playing their role as partners and parents. Individuals of any age who understand this purpose may consider premarital cohabitation as a springboard to marriage. Thus this does not post confusion. People who are against living together before marriage or premarital cohabitation claim that entering such situation may result in habitually changing their partners and are observed to be having difficulty finding a lifelong partner. This practice gives a belief that repeated cohabitation would be a predictor for future marriage failures as a result of weeding out process. Through selection, the person may change partner every now and t hen. However, observation shows that cohabiters and non cohabiters experience divorce at almost the same rate. In the study of Bruderl and company (1), they explained that it is not the cohabitation that increases the chance of couple’s separation but rather mismatches of some psychological traits. Once the mismatch traits are detected, it is likely that the person is going to weed out those incompatible traits resulting in an improved experience which makes the next relationship a success. This is evident among couples who were recently questioned in their answers that they are improving their chances of success in their marital relationship with their experience thus the prevalence of separation or divorce is reduced in the subsequent relationship. A large number of people especially Muslims believe that the practice of premarital cohabitation is better because it ensures stronger compatibility and commitment of couples. To be compatible needs adjustment to each other. Perh aps the way couples do this would be to live together. Couples have to be close together to really observe the way each lives. Doing this could help couples find out if they could bear each other without too much tension, quarrels and other problems. If they find out that they are comfortable with each other’s lifestyle, then they may consider marriage. However, if they are not, then it would be easy for them to just break apart because of the absence of legal paper works and commitment. Taxes would be easier to handle

Genetically modified animals Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetically modified animals - Research Paper Example It is imperative to modify the DNA of the germ line cells during the process of creating genetically modified animals. By modifying the DNA of germline cells, it becomes easier for the modified DNA to be inheritable (Starr, Evers, & Starr, 2013). While introducing the foreign DNA, it is necessary to consider only those that have the capacity to differentiate into different cells of an adult animal. Besides, the embryonic stem (ES) cells and cells of embryos at very early stages might also be considered for the process of creating genetically modified animals. Even though such cells are post-zygotic, they clearly represent a development phase characterized by incomplete separation of the germline and the soma (Starr, Evers, & Starr, 2013). In essence, such cells usually have the capacity to give rise to both the germline and somatic cells. Apparently, a transgenic animal is normally produced when a foreign DNA molecule is introduced into the cell of an animal through artificial means. The transgene (the foreign DNA molecule) may contain just one or several genes. The transgenic animal produced upon inserting a transgene into the already fertilized cells or oocyte from the early embryo, will be able to transmit the foreign DNA in its germline (Starr, Evers, & Starr, 2013). ... Incidentally, gene targeting has only been possible in mice while efforts to employ it in other mammals have proven futile (Forman, 2010). The design of several new animal of human disease has been necessitated by the ability of the transgenic mice to perform specific changes in a prearranged or predetermined gene via gene targeting. In addition, other experimental approach that involves genetic manipulation of various animal species has highly influenced the genetic engineering procedure (Forman, 2010). The somatic cell nuclear transfer procedure has ushered in a new era in mammalian genetics. For the first time in history, the procedure approved the cloning of an adult mammal. Social and Ethical Implications Various social groups have come out as the strongest opponents of the efforts to adopt the genetically modified animals. For example, different religious groups consider GMOs as a gross violation of the fundamental tenets that have kept society moving (Nelson 2001). Incidentall y, many of the religious faiths believe in creation. However, a scenario where man seems to have the powers to create or even modify an animal generally violates the values, ethics, and morals associated with the society. Today, most scientists are finding it much easier to interbreed and genetically manipulate the organism following the discovery of DNA. In essence, biomedical scientists can now build animals at the microscopic level (Nelson 2001). This scenario goes against Christian or even the Islamic faith as they always believe the power to create organisms is a reserve of the Supreme Being. On social grounds, vets now find it easier and even economical to treat

Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining - Essay Example The first process of this heavily mechanized mining method is clearing of any vegetation in the site, and then powerful explosives are deployed turning the immediate surface weak thus making it easy for powerful machines to dig through it. Big trucks are continuously being filled with earth debris which is constantly taken away from the site. Then a powerful machine known as the dragline digs through the rocks to expose the coal deposits. Finally, giant machines scoop the coal and deposit the load on waiting trucks for transportation (Perks 2). This mining method is actively taking place in the Central Appalachia region spanning across four states that include, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky in Central America (Perks 2). A continuous increase in electricity demand and a reduction in the once easily accessed coal has led to the ever increasing coal mines in the Central Appalachian mountain tops. This has resulted to the destruction of mountaintops in the hundreds thus loosing the beauty they once possessed since the land is left bare with little or no vegetation. Many environmental organizations’ have called to the immediate halt of this mining method since they argue it poses eminent danger to the environment and to the wellbeing of the surrounding communities. The environmental implications brought about by this economic activity cannot be understated. The damage that has been caused by the mountaintop removal coal mining method on the water bodies, the wildlife and the forest cover around the Central Appalachian mountaintops has led to a disrupted ecosystem (Perks 2). From the cleared forest cover to the disposal of waste and debris into the neighboring valleys, the environmental degradation of the Central Appalachian region has been on a steady rise.... This valley fills become large expanses of barren land, which because of their toxic nature it becomes impossible to develop. Mining companies do not embark on reforestation exercises as required by law and instead plant non native grass to replace the forest of hardwoods that was once present (Perks 4). The remaining waterways that are not entirely blocked by the mine valley fills run the risk of being heavily polluted. The toxic nature of these valley fills makes the water streams that run from them carry toxic chemicals and trace metals that are not only harmful to the aquatic life, but also to the surrounding wildlife and human population (Perks 3). EPA estimates that over 60% of the streams located in the Central Appalachian region are compromised by the hazardous amount of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. A study done by the EPA has found levels of magnesium, calcium, manganese, dissolved solids and water hardness have increased significantly, thus greatly compromising the qua lity of the water to any life form around the area (Perks 3). Apart from the solid waste that create valley fills, the liquid waste that is created by water that is used to wash the coal for impurities so that it can be ready for the market. The liquid waste is a mixture of carcinogenic chemicals, small particles of coal that contain mercury and arsenic which are considered harmful heavy metals and all other chemical compounds found in coal (Chhotray 5). Liquid waste from the mining process is put in storage in an enormous, risky impoundment that is usually located near a water body. Backwater spills that frequently occur from these

How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge Essay - 1

How important are the opinions of experts in the search for knowledge - Essay Example When we know a subject ourselves, things are less complicated. For example, when a child learns counting, she can count the fingers in her hand. Generally, a human child has five fingers in each hand. Exceptions apart, the child counts her fingers in each hand and obtains the knowledge herself that she has got ten fingers in her two hands. Similarly, when the child looks at the sky, she finds the birds flying and learns that birds fly. However, this perception may not be very much true. The reason is that all birds do not fly. Now the child needs a source of information which will tell her that all birds do not fly (For instance, Kiwis don’t fly). Hence the child needs to know that where can she find complete information and true knowledge, and that’s why she needs to be sent to a school. In the school, the teacher of Life Science would tell her that generally birds fly, but all birds do not fly. Else, she can gather this information by reading books, watching education al television channels, etc. Either we can discover things ourselves, or we need a guide to help us comprehend the world around. This guide can be a book or a journal, or an expert. An expert in a field is a valuable source of information concerning that field. When I was in the primary school, I had an interesting incident in my life. One day in science class, Mr. Williams, our science teacher, told us that the plants cannot survive without light. Plants need light energy to manufacture their food. I raised my hand and argued that watering the plants was enough for their survival. The plants in the garden needed only water to grow, and nothing else. Mr. Williams was patient and he asked the other children that whether they agreed with me or not. Some of my classmates were confused. Mr. Williams understood that mere theoretical knowledge was not enough. Immediately, he brought a plant in a pot from the garden, wrapped it in a black wrapper, and kept it in a corner of the

Linguistics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Linguistics Assignment 2 - Essay Example When derivational morphemes are added to the stem it turns the element into a different grammatical category. For instance when ‘-ness’ is added at the end of the word ‘good’ it forms a new word ‘goodness’. Contrary to the derivational morpheme, an inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical structure of the word upon adding it to the stem. However, it does indicate grammatical aspects of its function. Adding the past form to the word ‘jump’ turns it into ‘jumped’ indicating the past form (grammatical aspect) of the word. b) How important is it to teach students of English as an L2 about these categories? Critically discuss what you would and would not teach them and why. Justify your answer with examples from the classroom context. It is critical to teach students about morpheme categories but it is not vital to teach them everything. The purpose is not to cloud their minds with unnecessary details that will hinder their efforts in grasping the core concepts. The nature of English language is transforming everyday around the world. It is not wise to feed the new learners of English language rigid facts that will probably modify in the coming years. Despite the changing nature of English language, there is no denying the importance of the basics. I will teach my students about morphemes, what they are, what their usage is and most importantly make the students practice them to use it. The ultimate goal of teaching English as a second language is not to make the students appear in PhD exams in English language. They primary goal is to make them effective communicators. In the classroom, the majority of focus is on theory. Theoretical learning has its benefits but my class will be much more activity driven. I would teach my students about morphemes through activities and not by just writing it on the white board. They will be given hand-outs that will have

Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mountaintop Removal Coal Mining - Essay Example The first process of this heavily mechanized mining method is clearing of any vegetation in the site, and then powerful explosives are deployed turning the immediate surface weak thus making it easy for powerful machines to dig through it. Big trucks are continuously being filled with earth debris which is constantly taken away from the site. Then a powerful machine known as the dragline digs through the rocks to expose the coal deposits. Finally, giant machines scoop the coal and deposit the load on waiting trucks for transportation (Perks 2). This mining method is actively taking place in the Central Appalachia region spanning across four states that include, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia and Kentucky in Central America (Perks 2). A continuous increase in electricity demand and a reduction in the once easily accessed coal has led to the ever increasing coal mines in the Central Appalachian mountain tops. This has resulted to the destruction of mountaintops in the hundreds thus loosing the beauty they once possessed since the land is left bare with little or no vegetation. Many environmental organizations’ have called to the immediate halt of this mining method since they argue it poses eminent danger to the environment and to the wellbeing of the surrounding communities. The environmental implications brought about by this economic activity cannot be understated. The damage that has been caused by the mountaintop removal coal mining method on the water bodies, the wildlife and the forest cover around the Central Appalachian mountaintops has led to a disrupted ecosystem (Perks 2). From the cleared forest cover to the disposal of waste and debris into the neighboring valleys, the environmental degradation of the Central Appalachian region has been on a steady rise.... This valley fills become large expanses of barren land, which because of their toxic nature it becomes impossible to develop. Mining companies do not embark on reforestation exercises as required by law and instead plant non native grass to replace the forest of hardwoods that was once present (Perks 4). The remaining waterways that are not entirely blocked by the mine valley fills run the risk of being heavily polluted. The toxic nature of these valley fills makes the water streams that run from them carry toxic chemicals and trace metals that are not only harmful to the aquatic life, but also to the surrounding wildlife and human population (Perks 3). EPA estimates that over 60% of the streams located in the Central Appalachian region are compromised by the hazardous amount of toxic chemicals and heavy metals. A study done by the EPA has found levels of magnesium, calcium, manganese, dissolved solids and water hardness have increased significantly, thus greatly compromising the qua lity of the water to any life form around the area (Perks 3). Apart from the solid waste that create valley fills, the liquid waste that is created by water that is used to wash the coal for impurities so that it can be ready for the market. The liquid waste is a mixture of carcinogenic chemicals, small particles of coal that contain mercury and arsenic which are considered harmful heavy metals and all other chemical compounds found in coal (Chhotray 5). Liquid waste from the mining process is put in storage in an enormous, risky impoundment that is usually located near a water body. Backwater spills that frequently occur from these

Linguistics Assignment 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Linguistics Assignment 2 - Essay Example When derivational morphemes are added to the stem it turns the element into a different grammatical category. For instance when ‘-ness’ is added at the end of the word ‘good’ it forms a new word ‘goodness’. Contrary to the derivational morpheme, an inflectional morpheme does not change the grammatical structure of the word upon adding it to the stem. However, it does indicate grammatical aspects of its function. Adding the past form to the word ‘jump’ turns it into ‘jumped’ indicating the past form (grammatical aspect) of the word. b) How important is it to teach students of English as an L2 about these categories? Critically discuss what you would and would not teach them and why. Justify your answer with examples from the classroom context. It is critical to teach students about morpheme categories but it is not vital to teach them everything. The purpose is not to cloud their minds with unnecessary details that will hinder their efforts in grasping the core concepts. The nature of English language is transforming everyday around the world. It is not wise to feed the new learners of English language rigid facts that will probably modify in the coming years. Despite the changing nature of English language, there is no denying the importance of the basics. I will teach my students about morphemes, what they are, what their usage is and most importantly make the students practice them to use it. The ultimate goal of teaching English as a second language is not to make the students appear in PhD exams in English language. They primary goal is to make them effective communicators. In the classroom, the majority of focus is on theory. Theoretical learning has its benefits but my class will be much more activity driven. I would teach my students about morphemes through activities and not by just writing it on the white board. They will be given hand-outs that will have

Shakespeare and His Tyrants Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare and His Tyrants Essay Do you know who any of these people are? Adolf Hitler, Saddam Hussein, Muammar al-Gaddafi or Osama Bin Laden? These men used their authority who exercised power oppressively or despotically. They are defined as tyrants. But even during William Shakespeare’s time there were similar men who terrorised countries. Shakespeare portrays tyrants so that they will always suffer the consequences for their terrible deeds. The most famous of his tyrants are Richard III and Macbeth. In his tragedy Macbeth the main character Macbeth was once a thane (a low-ranking nobleman) and a hero but a prophecy creates a powerful ambition within him for power which leads him to follow a dark path. He ascends the throne by murdering the king and also killed anyone who threatened to take him off the throne. His impending doom loomed over him when a man named Macduff fought Macbeth to avenge the death of his loved ones (who were killed under Macbeth’s order). Macbeth was beheaded in the fight. He was a doomed man at the start. He was prophesised to die at the hands of another man and this shows that tyrants will always suffer in the end. In popular culture tyrants similar to Macbeth are portrayed in remakes of plays, films and video games. A tyrant who was similar is Ulfric Stormcloak from Bethesda Game Studio’s game Skyrim. Ulfric Stormcloak was a Jarl (a chieftain) of the former capital of Skyrim. After learning ancient powers, he abused the knowledge by murdering the High King to take the throne. A war is waged to stop Ulfric. In the end Ulfric Stormcloak is beheaded in a siege on his fortress. This is very similar to Macbeth’s story because both of them are misled by their ambition for power which supports that Shakespeare has influenced the tyrants of popular culture. Richard III in the play of the same name is depicted as being deformed, self-absorbed and wanting nothing more than to gain power. His split personality developed his character. However his undoing and death occurred during a final duel with Richmond (later known as Henry VII of England) at the Battle of Bosworth Field. A tyrant comparable to Richard III is Queen Clementianna in the Snow White remake â€Å"Mirror Mirror†. The Queen is a very beautiful woman but she was narcissistic and cruel to her people. She believed that she was the rightful ruler of the land and orders the murder of Snow White (her step-daughter) which ultimately fails. The Queen talks in her spare time with her own mind (which is the mirror) except it is a much more wiser and younger version of herself. In the end she is foiled by Snow White and suffers her consequences for using dark powers against the King. She is transformed into a witch-like figure and Snow White rescues her long-lost father. Both of these tyrannical people are alike as they are both self-absorbed and deformed in many ways. They never have their happily ever after ending, lose their titles and are hushed away or killed (in Richard III’s case). This shows that tyrants always pay for their crimes. Unfortunately a small number of tyrants never suffer for the atrocious acts that they commit. This is outrageous as the wicked and selfish men and women of our society should suffer for their crimes. Shakespeare’s influence ranges from many popular topics such as love and violence but his portrayal of tyrants is cunningly similar to those of modern day culture. Would he have known that his view on tyrants was never going to change throughout the course of history? Who knows? But we will always know that tyrants were similar in both eras. Being a tyrant will lead to their own demise.

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay

Can Regulation Of Tobacco Affect Health Care Costs Economics Essay The economic calculations associated with tobacco use are very complicated. For every savings, there are increased costs in other areas. Many productivity costs are subjective, while things like tax revenues are very definitive. These costs can be absorbed by various entities; public, private, and governmental. The tobacco industry has been viewed as the root of many of these costs. This industry has historically been exempt from oversight by any governmental agency, other than taxation. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently taken charge of overseeing and regulating many tobacco products, including cigarettes. Can the new regulations have any effect on health care costs? Why is tobacco use such a big deal? According to the World Health Organization (WHO), tobacco is the second major cause of death in the world, responsible for one in ten adults and the fourth most common risk factor for disease worldwide (2010). Costs (both public and private) associated with health care related to tobacco are astronomical. Productivity is reduced or lost when people are at their prime due to tobacco use. A 1994 report estimated that the use of tobacco resulted in an annual global net loss of US$ 200 thousand million, a third of this loss being in developing countries (World Health, 2010). This paper will look at the costs associated with tobacco use in the United States and the relationship regulation may have on reducing these costs. Compared to the length of time tobacco has been used, the health effects of its use are just recently becoming understood by the general public. Prior to this knowledge, the tobacco companies were free to advertise without any regulation. 1789 saw the first tobacco advertisement in the U.S for snuff. Communication, transportation, and manufacturing constraints of the time prevented any major branding and marketing successes. The first strong national tobacco brand didnt emerge until near the end of the Civil War, when both Union and Confederate soldiers in Durham, North Carolina raided a local farmers tobacco crop while waiting for a surrender to be completed. After the war was over, these soldiers began writing to the farmer, Mr. John Green, requesting more; Green went on to establish the successful Bull Durham Tobacco Company. (Collins Lapsley, 2010) The cigarette machine was one of the two major innovations that changed the industry and embedded tobacco into the minds of Americans. It was introduced in the 1880s and allowed companies to go from producing 40,000 hand-rolled cigarettes a day to over 4 million. The other major innovation came in the form of advertising. The color lithograph revolutionized advertising and packaging. These factors allowed companies to brand their products, searing them into the fabric of everyday life. Promotions, such as trading cards, were packaged with cigarettes and became collectors items. World War II came and went with millions of soldiers and sailors addicted to nicotine courtesy of free cigarettes issued along with meals. Marketing remained pretty much unregulated throughout the 1950s. Advertisements promoted how healthy it was to smoke and how doctors (whom the public trusted) recommend one brand over another. Sponsorship of television shows, like The Flintstones and Gunsmoke, propelled cigarette smoking into a normal and expected part of life. For tobacco companies, it was the Golden Age: cigarette ads featured endorsements from dentists, doctors, babies and even Yankees slugger Mickey Mantle (Collins Lapsley, 2010). Research evidence was beginning to mount of a link between tobacco use and lung cancer. Filtered cigarettes were born, which eventually led to light and low tar brands all of which have been proven to be no safer than regular ones. Rising public interest in health issues associated with tobacco use and concern about social costs associated with the care of sick tobacco users have created an atmosphere less tolerant than before. In the United States, social acceptance of tobacco use is rapidly declining. 1964 saw the first real public scrutiny of the tobacco industry when the U.S. Surgeon General released his first report on Smoking and Health. This comprehensive report outlined how tobacco had been shown in over 7,000 scientific studies to be linked to lung cancer, emphysema, and other diseases. This was the tipping point for many. Warning labels were mandated on packages. Advertising restrictions for radio and television were put in place. The public was put on notice that tobacco may not be all the things the industry was telling them. 18 Surgeon General reports have followed, as new findings have been proven. In 1996, cigarettes were labeled an addictive drug. The FDA sought to gain control over the industry and limit the sales and advertising of tobacco products (Brant, July 2008). With presidential support, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the industry in 2000 claiming the federal agency was never given the proper authority to regulate tobacco by Congress (Brant, July 2008). Restrictions are not new to the tobacco industry. Extremely deep pockets have allowed them the opportunity to design ways around most hurdles in the past (See Appendix). Regulation comes in many forms. State and local governments have passed laws throughout the years, most of which regard taxation. The recent passage of the U.S. Food and Drug Administrations (FDA) tobacco regulation bill will give the national government much more power over the manufactures actions. This is the broadest and most comprehensive regulation over the tobacco industry ever. The FDA will be able to control product ingredients, labeling, marketing, and determine whether new products should be distributed. The budgetary impact of smoking Costs related to tobacco use can be looked at from different perspectives. There are related costs that are only seen by the individual, their family, and those close to them. Then there are the costs that are seen by society. These social costs are what drive many of the regulatory policies we have in the U.S. These costs must be balanced and weighed with the benefits associated with tobacco use. Organizations from several fronts are quick to weigh in on advantages and disadvantages of such policies. Each has their own agendas and use data to support them. High social costs justify more restrictive policies, while lower social costs support the argument against such policies. Calculating these costs is not simple. It is important not to count the same costs twice. A sick smoker that becomes dependent upon welfare payments instead of their job salary should not be seen as lost productivity and the cost of welfare payments. The first is a real cost (a real loss of resources) while the second is a pecuniary cost (a redistribution of resources from taxpayers to the smoker) (Adhikari, et al. December 30, 2008, p. 1227). Health care costs in the United States continue to account for an ever increasing percentage of personal and public expenditures. The budgetary impact of tobacco use generally is looked at as whether the tax revenues cover the costs that tobacco use imparts on government agencies. These costs are not just paid by these agencies. Personal and business costs, such as those of health insurance companies, bear massive burdens too. While we are often asked: Do smokers cover the smoking-related costs that the rest of the community bears?, the more relevant question is: Does the tobacco industry cover the communitys smoking-related costs?. The answer to this second question is almost certainly no' (Lindblom, 2010, p. 2). It has been estimated by the CDC that each pack of cigarettes sold in the United States costs the nation more than $7 in medical care and lost productivity (2010). The lifetime health costs of tobacco It is important to understand the difference between the lifetime personal health care costs of smokers compared to non-smokers. There is an argument that smoking provides benefits as well. It may be obvious that smokers have higher costs during their lifetimes, but one must consider the non-smoker lives a longer, more productive life, and therefore uses health care services for a longer period of time. Philip Morris, a major tobacco company conducted a detailed data analysis and submitted a 1999 official report to the government of the Czech Republic that they should let Philip Morris sell cigarettes in their country. They (Philip Morris) said that the government would save approximately $1,227 US per person on savings of health care for older people and increase in taxable revenue (Philip Morris, 2000). The industry is in a catch 22 situation when arguing this point. Premature death associated with tobacco use must be admitted and the economics must outweigh human life. The Center for Disease control estimates that male smokers have approximately $16,500 more lifetime health care cost and females have approximately $19,500 than those that do not smoke. (Campaign, 2010) This adds up to considerable amounts that someone must absorb. The nationwide total in 2004 was almost $98 billion(Adhikari, et al. 2008, p. 2228). Measures to reduce tobacco demand There are many different regulatory measures that can be used to significantly impact tobacco use, such as bans on direct and indirect tobacco advertising, tobacco tax and price increases, smoke-free environments in all public and workplaces, and large clear graphic health messages on tobacco packaging (Collins Lapsley, 2010). Tobacco taxation Taxation is probably the most effective (and certainly the most cost-effective) means of reducing tobacco consumption. Studies have shown that higher prices equate to less people using, especially youth. Young people have less disposable income than older people. This makes them more sensitive to changes in price. Adult tobacco use also changes in relation to price increase too, but not as much as youth. Burman notes that research has shown that a 10 percent increase in the price of cigarettes would reduce youth smoking by more than 10 percent (Brandt, July 31, 2008, p. 447). Taxes can be used to this benefit, along with the increase in public funds that can be focused on tobacco prevention programs. Cigarette taxes can be seen as a double edged sword. Governments can become as addicted to the tobacco tax income as smokers are to lighting up every day. The amounts of money are astronomical. The President of the United States, Barack Obama signed into law on February 4, 2009 a 62-cent federal tax increase per pack of cigarettes, along with increases in other types of tobacco too. This money is to be used to fund the State Childrens Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), a major childrens health reform package. The federal cigarette tax is $1.01 per pack and the average state tax is just over $1.00 per pack. According to the Tax Trade Bureau, over 16 billion state tax-paid packs were sold in FY2009. The total tobacco revenue generated for government use is approximately $39 billion. This significant figure is enough to get any legislator looking for the source and wondering how to keep it. Several states have hoped to fund health care with tobacco dollars. Massachusetts, California, Oregon, and even the federal SCHIP program have come under heavy opposition from the tobacco industry. The SCHIP program was finally approved, but the other propositions ultimately failed. The primary argument used against such taxes is that a tobacco tax is a regressive tax, meaning that it affects poor people more so than others. Approximately 33 percent of those living at or below the poverty level smoke. The argument is that a greater portion of their income is spent on tobacco, and therefore the tax would be greater. Counter to this argument for the SCHIP funding is that the program is designed to disproportionately benefit those in this income level. And so, under an expanded SCHIP, low-income families would have essentially paid $164 to get $1,700 worth of coverage (Robert Wood, May 18, 2009). Theres a big difference in the cost to society and what society is getting back in tax, said Dr. Terry Pechacek, the associate director of the CDCs Office of Smoking and Health. We believe society is bearing a burden for the individual behavioral choices of the smokers. A study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention put the nations total cost of smoking at $3,391 a year for every smoker, or $157.7 billion (Curfman, Morrissey, Drazen, June 22, 2009). Poverty and tobacco are closely linked. Some studies have noticed that in some countries, the poorest households can spend up to 10 percent of their entire income on tobacco products. It is difficult to ascertain how this might have a direct impact on malnutrition, health care and longevity of life, as well as things like literacy rates. Tobacco has a wide reaching impact. Restrictions on advertising and other promotion Anti-tobacco campaigners support restrictions on advertising and promotion. It seems obvious that promotion and advertising increase the demand to use, or the industry would not spend the amounts they do. According to the Campaign for Tobacco Free Kids, from 1998 to 2006, tobacco industry marketing has increased, nationwide, by more than 85 percent, with tobacco industry marketing in 2006 totaling at least $12.8 billion (or more than $35 million per day) (2010). The tobacco industry addresses these concerns with the rhetoric that advertising does not increase the market size, merely determining the market shares of individual firms. While this point is difficult to determine, a key finding from the national youth tobacco survey indicates that the three most heavily used brands of cigarettes by teens are the three most heavily advertised by the industry. Studies on the effect of these restrictions indicate that partial restrictions (i.e. location or type only) have little impact on demand. Restrictions on advertising and marketing do not change the amount the industry spends, only the location and types of activities. They simply shift to non-restricted types of marketing. This is why it is difficult to determine the effectiveness of marketing restrictions. When restrictions are imposed that affect multiple avenues, tobacco consumption goes down significantly. This supports the thought that marketing increases the market size, not just move customers from one brand to another. Health information and counter advertising Anti-tobacco campaigns use pro-health messages and counter-marketing campaigns have been show to have some effect in swaying people away from use. The premise is that the better educated users or potential users are, the better chance they will chose not to us the products. This is a difficult avenue to promote anti-tobacco messages, as it is extremely costly and directly competes with the marketing expenditures of the tobacco industry. There is no way to match, dollar for dollar. Success comes from the combination of efforts counter-marketing with the other restrictions. There is a synergistic effect. Smoking restrictions and bans on sales to youth Youth tobacco use is of utmost importance to the tobacco industry and the anti-tobacco movement organizations. From the 1950s to the present, different defendants, at different times and using different methods, have intentionally marketed to young people under the age of twenty-one in order to recruit replacement smokers to ensure the economic future of the tobacco industry (Campaign, 2010). Where someone can smoke has become a frontline issue. Restrictions of the location, such as restaurants, workplaces, and other public places, make it more difficult for the smoker to light up. This creates an incentive to quit and reduces the opportunity for others to start. These restrictions reduce the amount of tobacco people use, reduce the prevalence of smoking, and have a direct impact on the exposure of second-hand smoke to others. Other smoking cessation interventions Cessation programs have made an impact on tobacco prevalence too. Pharmacological product advancements, from nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), to newer products such as Chantix à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ have helped the tobacco user assure success. These products are heavily marketed and many health care organizations provide them with little or no costs associated to the patient. Some argue the cost benefit of public subsidy of these products is a win-win based on health care costs saved. FDA Tobacco Legislation Through the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. federal government was recently granted authority to oversee many tobacco products. Members of Congress and health organizations have worked toward this goal for many years. This new authority includes many of the items discussed above, i.e. manufacturing standards, marketing and sales practices. The legislation is a very comprehensive approach to changing tobacco use among Americans, now and for future generations. New standards for additives, flavors (other than menthol), restrictions on sales, distribution, and marketing apply. Detailed ingredients will have to be disclosed. The FDA will have the authority to require changes to products. This is the first major governmental step to protect the public from the harms of tobacco. The new law: Restricts Marketing and Sales of Tobacco Products to Children bans ads within 1000 feet of schools and playgrounds eliminates sweetened (candy flavored) cigarettes Requires Detailed Tobacco Product Disclosure Provides Access to Tobacco Manufacturers Research Strengthens Tobacco Product Warning Labels warning labels must cover 50 percent of the front and back of the pack. Allows FDA to Require Changes to Tobacco Products to Reduce Risk Where Technologically Feasible Regulates Health Claims For Scientific Accuracy And Public Health Impact Evaluates Reduced Risk Health Claims For New Products eliminates cigarettes from being labeled light or low tar Regulates Only Manufacturers, Not Farmers The Congressional Budget Offices (CBO) examination of the new law shows an expected reduction in the number of underage tobacco users of 11 percent by 2019. CBO also estimates will lead to a further decline in smoking by adults by about 2 percent after 10 years. The expected impact of the legislation on the use of tobacco products stems from a combination of regulatory and economic factors. (Congressional, 2009) Impact of FDA Regulation of Tobacco on Medicaid The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) anticipates that the new FDA tobacco rules will lead to a reduction in smoking among pregnant women. Pregnant women that do not smoke during pregnancy are less likely to have low birth weight children. Low birth weight kids cost more at birth and during childhood. As a result, state spending for Medicaid would decrease by an estimated $17 million over the 2010-2014 period, with additional savings in subsequent years (Yang Novotny, 2009). Medicaid expenditures are expected to be reduced by $100 million over 10 years. Other Medicare expenditures are positively affected by the FDA rules too. Heart attacks and stroke are less likely to occur in non-smokers, which will mean acute care services costs will decrease, but it is unclear as to by how much. Medicare costs may increase in some areas due to increased life spans and the payout associated with that. Conclusion A key aspect of tobacco prevention is that as people decide not to use tobacco products, their health will be generally better. If all Americans stopped smoking-beginning with this generation of teens-that would do more to improve the health of the nation that any other reform (Adhikari, et al. December 30, 2008, p. 1227). The economic calculations associated with tobacco use are very complicated. For every savings, there is an increase in costs in another area. Many productivity costs are subjective, while things like tax revenues are very definitive. Public and private costs have to be figured separately. However, there are situations where they overlap and care must be taken to count them in only one spot. For instance, someone that lives just below the poverty line and smokes may rely on public assistance for many things, like health care. That same person quits and their relative household revenue and productivity increases. They may not be as reliant on public assistance. The i ncrease in their revenue and productivity cannot be counted if the decrease in public assistance spending is also counted. It is certain that more regulation, like that in the new FDA program will indeed reduce tobacco use. It is certain that reduction in tobacco use equates to less money spent overall on health care compared to the smoker, but may increase health care costs long term due to extended life span. It is certain that overall productivity will increase as tobacco use decreases. The real questions occur when these issues are followed by the question of By how much?. It is almost like Newtons Law of motion, for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. The factor that must be considered is the value of life length and productivity. These values can sway the equation massively in one direction or the other. The latest estimates of total smoking-attributable health care costs approach $100 billion. Private insurance covers 50 percent of smoking-related medical costs for people aged 19-64 (American Academy, 2010). Education about the effects of smoking on health continues to escalate. As more is learned, the estimates increase as to the costs associated with tobacco use.

The Cult of Santiago Essay examples -- Religion

The Cult of Santiago During the first century Europe was plagued with many different wars for political and religious agendas. At this time Christianity was still just a new trend and seen by many the way that we see doomsday cults today. Rather than making it impossible for Christianity to get a foothold in the people, the new Christianity trend used the turmoil as a doorway through which it was able to find strong followers. Saint James, known in Spanish as Santiago, was one of the twelve apostles of Jesus; during his lifetime he came to Spain to preach the gospel, probably following a route that leads to the "End of the Earth" which held a great deal of mythical and mystical value to Europeans (Lehelma). During this time the Moors, or Arabs, were in the process of expanding their territory, infringing upon many people's lands and belief systems. In the year 711 Visogothic Spain had nearly been conquered by the Moors, and the Spaniards were in dire need of a savior. Thus follows the birth of the Cult o f Saint James. During the battle of Clavijo Saint James appeared as a holy warrior fighting for Ramiro I of Leon, attempting to push back and defeat the troops of Abdurrahaman II. The image of Saint James the Moor-slayer,mounted horseback striking down all Moors in his path with a mighty sword, however grotesque, was then used to strengthen the Christian resistance to the Arabs. During Saint James' lifetime it seems that his preaching found little results. It is believed that he managed to convert only nine people to Christianity (New Catholic Encyclopedia, 1071). The route that the Camino takes is believed to have been used in Roman and even prehistoric times as a route to Finisterre, which was believed to be the "End of the... ... were influenced by these movements because they are infused in the new towns and cities along the Camino as well as being carried into "the farthermost [sic] corners of Europe" (Lehelma). The Cult of Saint James was born through turmoil but survived because of faith. The fact that Spain was never conquered by the Moors and turned into an Arab nation is believed to be thanks to Saint James, and also why he is, and has been, the patron saint of Spain. Santiago de Compostela is considered one of the three most important centers of Christianity with Jerusalem and Rome being the other two. For this feat, Spain was and is grateful to Saint James, and the pilgrimage to his tomb has been a monumentous occasion for Christians all over Europe and the world. Works Cited Antti Lehelma. "A Short Guide For Pilgrims to Santiago de Compostela." 1 June 1999. Online Posting.

Arab-israeli Conflict Essay -- essays research papers fc

On November 29, 1947, the United Nations voted to divide the Middle Eastern land called Palestine into two independent nations, one Arab and one Jewish. On May 14, 1948, a new nation was born: Israel. The Jews of Israel and the world celebrated with joy and gladness, because for over two thousand years, they had hoped to return to the land of their heritage. (Silverman, 1) However with Jews from all around the world returning to Israel, the Arabs residing in this land were forced into exile. The rebirth of Israel marked the beginning of conflict, violence, and peace treaties between the Arabs and the Jews of the Middle East. Tensions between Jews and Arabs have been present since biblical times in the Middle East. In 132 AD, when Israel was under Roman rule, the Jews revolted and fought for independence. In 135 AD the Romans crushed the Jewish revolt and expelled nearly all of the Jews of Israel. The Romans then renamed Israel-Palestine, so as to remove any connection between the land and the Jewish people. (Tessler, 12) The Jews never forgot their homeland, and prayed three times a day to return to Israel and to the holy city of Jerusalem. In the 7th century, a new religion, Islam, arose in the Middle East. The Muslim Arabs conquered Palestine from the Byzantines and began to settle the land. They built the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aksa mosque in Jerusalem, where they believed Prophet Muhammad ascended into heaven to receive parts of the Qur’an. (Goldschmidt, 46) During the early 1500’s, Palestine was captured and put under Turkish rule. During the First World War, the Turkish government placed severe restrictions on Jewish daily life, because the Turks believed that the Jews were plotting with their enemies. In December of 1917, the British army under the command of General Edmund Allenby defeated the Turks and captured Palestine. Four hundred years of Turkish rule had ended. Just six weeks before the annex of Turkey and Palestine, the Jews had learned of a British document called the Balfour Declaration. It was one of the most important documents ever written concerning the Holy Land. It announced th at the British government favored the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and would do all it could to make it happen. Meanwhile throughout the world, but especially in Europe, Jews were persecuted and murdered. In the ... ...b-Israeli conflict. Both sides feel that Israel/Palestine belongs to them. Since the United Nations partition of Palestine in 1947 and the establishment of the modern state of Israel in 1948, there have been four major Arab-Israeli wars (1947-49, 1956, 1967, and 1973) and numerous intermittent battles. (Goldschmidt, 280) The Arabs still thirst for revenge, which is denied as the Israelis prevail once again. These issues still rage today and have fueled many armed conflicts between the two developing nations. WORKS CITED: Benvenisti, Meron. INTIMATE ENEMIES. Jews and Arabs in a Shared Land. United States of America: University Of California Press, 1995. Cozic, Charles, P. ISRAEL: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1994. Goldschmidt, Arthur, Jr. A concise History of the MIDDLE EAST. United States of America: Westview Press, 1999. Hiro, Dilip. Sharing The Promised Land: A Tale of Israelis and Palestinians. Canada: Olive Branch Press, 1999. Silverman, Maida. ISRAEL: The Founding Of A Modern Nation. New York, NY: Dial Books of Young Readers, 1998. Tessler, Mark. A HISTORY of the ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN CONFLICT. United States of America: Indiana University Press, 1994.

Ethics of Child Labor Essay

Ethics of Child Labor I. Intro A. During the nineteenth and early twentieth century child labor was a rampant problem with the advancements in technology. Then during the mid twentieth century, the United States started implementing child labor laws such as setting an age limit for somebody to work for pay and also setting certain health and safety codes at the work place. Despite efforts to prevent child labor, it is still prevalent in some areas in the world today. Most of these children work on small farms. II. Is Child Labor right or wrong? A. Pros: i. â€Å"Human Rights Watch says that child farm workers in the United States- the vast majority of whom are Latino- regularly work 12 to 14 hour days, often suffering pesticide poisonings, heat-related illness, machine and knife-related injuries, and life-long disabilities. Many are forced to work without access to toilet or hand-washing facilities or adequate drinking water. † (Cray 4) i. Helps support a struggling family financially ii. Child labor has a place in the world economy as long as it is neither hazardous or dead-end work, where the child laborers can still get an education and thereby help their families out of poverty since an education will ensure better paying jobs in the long run. iii. Work alongside their parents is both a financial necessity, and also part of the ethnic family work ethic. B. Cons: i. Illnesses, injury, lifelong disabilities. ii. The associative qualities of child labor is it produces a negative image of the associated company, country, family that enforces it. iii. Emotional distress is put on that child for life III. Jeremy Bentham A. Ethical System including the influence of Theology 1. Moral Aspects of Awareness: i. Finitude-â€Å"capacity of transcendence which gives humans the ability to imagine their own end†(Schaffer 66). ii. Incompleteness-â€Å"Comes from a sense of transcendence- we are able to imagine states which we can never quite achieve. This is about the individual†(Schaffer 66). 2. Beliefs about Right and Wrong i. Hedonic calculas:â€Å"According to this doctrine, the way to judge between alternative courses of action is to consider the consequences of each, in terms of the pleasure and pain of all the people affected†(Mills 281) 3. Definition of Good i. â€Å"Utilitarianism presupposes one overriding moral principle: that one ought to aim at the greatest happiness of the greatest number. â€Å"(Mills 280) ii. Bentham thought what was good was whatever gave the most amount of pleasure to the most amount of people iii. Subjective Theory of Value-â€Å"How I feel, not a matter of right or wrong, knowledge not needed. â€Å"(Schaffer 73) 4. Obligations i. â€Å"If the central question of political philosophy is taken to be: â€Å"Why, if at all, should the citizen obey the state? The utilitarian answer is quite clear. The citizen should obey just so far as obedience ill contribute more to the general happiness than disobedience. If the central question is taken to be the nature and ontological status of the state, the answer is equally clear: the state is not a super-entity with purposes and a will of its own, but a human contrivance to enable men to realize as many of their desires as possible. â€Å"(Mills 281) ii. Explanation: Bentham believes it is the obligations of the state to provide the people basic pleasures and if the state is doing that then the people should comply with some of the states’ demands and if that is not the case then the people don’t have listen to the state. 5. Ideals and Virtues i. â€Å"It is as the exponent of utilitarianism and as the acknowledged leader of the philosophical radicals, whose program of social reform was firmly based on utilitarian theory, that Bentham is chiefly remembered. He thought of the principle of utility as primarily a guide for legislators. Thought it he hoped to impart some order into chaos and illogic of the law†(Mills 281) ii. â€Å"Perhaps the crucial question for a utilitarian ethic intended mainly for lawyers and legislators is whether it can account adequately for justices. It may be argued that justice requires the equalization as well as the maximization of pleasures. It is not unjust to require me to endure five units of pain on Monday for the sake of ten units of pleasure on Tuesday. But is it just to require Smith to endure five units of pain for the sake of ten units of pleasure for Jones? It is doubtful whether Bentham can meet this objection. He does, however argue that the maximization of pleasure will itself involve an equalizing tendency. This is because the economist’s law of diminishing utility applies to pleasure. The minor amenities of life afford much pleasure to someone whose other pleasures are few, but comparatively little to someone whose pleasures are many. Consequently, while it is true that a utilitarian, forced to choose between a course of action that gives X and Y 10 units of pleasure each and one that gives X 31 units of pleasure and Y 10 units of pain, will prefer the second, it is also true that such choices are most likely to arise when X’s life is as a general rue more painful than Y’s†(Mills 283) iii. Sincerity-free from pretense or deceit, proceeding from genuine feelings (Oxford American Dictionaries) iv. Tranquility-quality or state of being tranquil;calmness;peacefulness;quiet;serenity(Dictionary. com) 6. Culpability/Consequence i. â€Å"In Bentham’s view, our conviction that it is unjust to punish an innocent man is based on nothing but the empirical consideration that punishing the innocent is not likely to deter others from crime. This is, however, not always true: the innocent man may be a hostage, or he may be generally thought to be guilty. †(Mills 283-284) ii. Consenquence:â€Å"a conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. † (Merriam Webster Dictionary) B. How Bentham would address Child Labor i. If Bentham were assessing the issue of child Labor he would probably take into account the pleasure and pain involving the children and the employers. From the employers point of view their getting workers working for lower pay and also more capability of certain tasks rather than adults. From the children point of view, Bentham would see that it would be a advantage for a struggling family for their children to work to help put food on the table also it could help inspire a stronger work ethic for the children. Then when calculating the pain involved, that would be attributed to possible injuries and diseases the child might get and also the trauma inflicted upon the child and family. Bentham would also recognize the outrage of other countries around the world that condemn child labor as a legal practice. Using hedonic calculus, Bentham would determine if this right or wrong and taking account of all the pleasure and pain involved he would probably come with the conclusion that Child Labor is wrong. IV. Aristotle A. Ethical system including the influence of theology 1. Moral aspect of awareness i. Unfinished-â€Å"Seeking the Other half-we have to drive to discover otherness through poetry, literature, movies, etc; profound desire to be in relation/community Philosophical & Religious Understandings-in complete (dream) Aristotle, long for innocence Augustine†(Schaffer 66). ii. Explanation: Aristotle thought that to reach a higher level of being we must engage ourselves in the field of arts to reach the other half of our self 2. Beliefs about right or wrong i. Aristotle believed good was something that brought you happiness or fulfills your desires. ii. Aristotle also believed if you don’t overly indulge yourself in your desires then it would be considered ethical but if you indulge in excess then it would be unethical 3. Ideals and Virtues i. Temprance:†The Greek philosopher Socrates considered temperance to be almost synonymous with self-mastery. The temperate person, he argued, is the one who exercises control over his or her desires and thereby escapes domination by them. Aristotle took a similar view, holding self-indulgence to be childish. For these philosophers, and for many of the ethicists that followed them, the hallmarks of temperance are moderation and restraint of one’s desires and passions. †(Ruggiero 112) ii. Prudence:† This virtue known also as practical wisdom, consists of choosing one’s behavior judiciously by consulting experience and deliberating thoughtfully about what response is most appropriate. Prudence is the exact opposite of rashness and impulsiveness. †(Ruggiero 111-112) 4. Definition of Good i. Subjective theory of Value: â€Å"How I feel =not a matter of right or wrong; knowledge not needed†(Schaffer 73) ii. Aristotle thought whatever was good was whatever fulfilled your desires or made you happy 5. Obligations i. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Friendship entails mutual respect and a special interest in the other’s well being. It requires one to rejoice at the other’s success and good fortune and to share the pain of the other’s disappointment and failure. It also requires on to be trust-worthy about confidences, to provide emotional support when it is needed, and to restrain the urge to be critical in small matters. †(Ruggiero 100) ii. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Citizenship obligates a person to promote the well-being of the country and fellow citizens by respecting and observing the law and respecting the legitimate initiatives of the country’s leaders, even if one disagrees with their political perspective. In a democracy, it also requires participation in the electoral process. When the country is unjustly attacked, it is also a citizen’s responsibility, conscience permitting, to support the country’s response and even, if one is young and healthy enough, to play an active role in the country’s defense. † (Ruggiero 100) 6. Culpability/Consequence i. Consenquence:â€Å"a conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. † (Merriam Webster Dictionary) B. How Aristotle would approach Child Labor i. Aristotle would approach Child from a subjective theory of value and determine if it was right or wrong depending on the situation. For example if the family of the child is in desperate for money then he would consider it ethical for child to work. But if the child is suffering from the work then Aristotle would then consider it unethical. VI. My ethical system A. Ethical System Including the Influence of Theology 1. Moral Aspect of Awareness i. Incompleteness: â€Å"Comes from a sense of transcendence-we are able t imagine states which we can never quite achieve. We have a desire to have a complete awareness of our incompleteness† (Schaffer 66). ii. Unfinished-â€Å"Seeking the Other half-we have to drive to discover otherness through poetry, literature, movies, etc; profound desire to be in relation/community Philosophical & Religious Understandings-in complete (dream) Aristotle, long for innocence Augustine†(Schaffer 66). 2. 3. Beliefs about right and wrong i. Believe you should do whatever gives you most amount of satisfaction and security. 4. Definition of Good i. Subjective Theory of Value: â€Å"Subjective theory of Value: â€Å"How I feel =not a matter of right or 5. Ideals and Virtues i. i. Justice-â€Å"Evaluation of situations according to their merits, without prejudice, and giving each person his or her due†(Ruggiero 102) ii. tranquility: quality or state of being tranquil;calmness;peacefulness;quiet;serenity iii. Temprance:†The Greek philosopher Socrates considered temperance to be almost synonymous with self-mastery. The temperate person, he argued, is the one who exercises control over his or her desires and thereby escapes domination by them. Aristotle took a similar view, holding self-indulgence to be childish. For these philosophers, and for many of the ethicists that followed them, the hallmarks of temperance are moderation and restraint of one’s desires and passions. †(Ruggiero 112) iv. Prudence:† This virtue known also as practical wisdom, consists of choosing one’s behavior judiciously by consulting experience and deliberating thoughtfully about what response is most appropriate. Prudence is the exact opposite of rashness and impulsiveness. †(Ruggiero 111-112) 6. Obligations i. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Friendship entails mutual respect and a special interest in the other’s well being. It requires one to rejoice at the other’s success and good fortune and to share the pain of the other’s disappointment and failure. It also requires on to be trust-worthy about confidences, to provide emotional support when it is needed, and to restrain the urge to be critical in small matters. †(Ruggiero 100) ii. Obligations of friendship:â€Å"Citizenship obligates a person to promote the well-being of the country and fellow citizens by respecting and observing the law and respecting the legitimate initiatives of the country’s leaders, even if one disagrees with their political perspective. In a democracy, it also requires participation in the electoral process. When the country is unjustly attacked, it is also a citizen’s responsibility, conscience permitting, to support the country’s response and even, if one is young and healthy enough, to play an active role in the country’s defense. † (Ruggiero 100) 7. Culpability/Consequence ii. i. Consenquence:â€Å"a conclusion derived through logic, something produced by a cause or necessarily following from a set of conditions. † (Merriam Webster Dictionary) 8. Ethical influences i. Parents: My parents have instilled a strong ethical foundation for life. Since I was little kid, they have taught the importance of kindness and honesty. ii. Coaches: I have played sports my entire life and it has been a major influence in shaping my character. Sports have helped keep me disciplined and how to stay cool under pressure, and not letting my emotions control my actions. 9. My tradition i. â€Å"Natural Law-(def) the view that there is an unchanging normative order that is a part of the natural world†(Schaffer 83) ii. â€Å"One way to provide criteria of judgment on major issues, examine natural law (in relation to divine law) and human law to show the way in which they complement each other. † (Schaffer 83) iii. â€Å"Orders of Creation- (def): a hierarchy is given in creation which reveals obligation, responsibility and offer criteria for morality† (Schaffer 84) B. How I would address Child Labor i. I believe child labor is an unethical practice. It puts way too emotional distress and also physical injuries to be justified. The only positive I can see coming from child labor is the money that child would bring in. Conclusion A. Child labor is not as pressing as an issue as it used to be but still practiced around some parts in the world. I believe Bentham and Aristotle would both disapprove of child labor based on their idea that the basic goal in life is too find happiness and satisfy your desires which labor does not serve.